Mr. HarrisonThe Impact of Motivation and Pupils Academic Performance in Primary Schools
CHAPTER ONE
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background to the Study
Motivation is the process through which individuals are charged to increase their actions or performance either by internal intrinsic (external or extrinsic) factors. Intrinsic motivation is said to be derived internally from the task itself. It occurs while a person is performing an activity in which he takes delight and derives satisfaction in doing such activity. Tella (2013) motivation can be influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors such variables are considered in this study, in the context of this study, pupils’ motivation is the extrinsic variables that are not within pupils themselves (intrinsic) that can change or encourage them to learn and perform better in their examination, these motivational variables include Parental motivation, reinforcement, teachers teaching methods e.t.c.
Motivation plays an important role in influencing pupils’ academic performance in learning situations. Individual learners have varying levels of psychological needs that do exert much influence on their academic performance and determine the degree of their activities in the classroom. The extent to which ability can be translated or elevated into performance is dependent on the level of incentive provided by the organization which satisfies the needs of people.
For this reason, parents have the role and responsibility of motivating their children towards effective learning in school and subsequently toward recording successes in their examinations. It is not only sending their children to the most expensive school that matters but ensuring that all their learning needs are provided for (Davidson, 2012).
The Impact of Motivation and Pupils Academic Performance in Primary Schools
Parents also have roles to play in motivating their children to learn. There are parents who equipped their children with all the recommended textbooks, as well as other school requirements most such parents-equipped students take interest in academic activities and demanded the needed learning materials. Some pupils are on the other hand handicapped and not motivated to participate in academic activities because, they lack the learning materials (Okoro, 2007).
Teachers equally place an important role in motivating the learners, Moreover, most of the social-cognitive models of motivation assume that pupils’ motivation is influenced by rewards and praise by their teacher, classroom interactions, activities, reinforcement practices, and culture (Pintrich, 2003). Therefore, the teacher’s instructional practice is crucial in facilitating pupils’ motivation. The relation between different aspects of teachers’ instructional practices and pupils’ motivation in mathematics is quite strong.
Specifically, the use of reinforcement strategies in the lesson can be a motivating factor for managing student behavior and maximizing the learning outcome. Programmed instructions can be used to make reinforcements effective (Skinner, 1968).
In addition to other strategies in classroom teaching, having good strategies of reinforcement can attract attention and boost the interest of the pupils in teaching (Newcomer, 2009). Therefore, it is important that teacher must make instruction interesting using various strategies and materials. That way, it will make learning the English Language not only interesting but will be engaging, investigative and adventurous, and motivating.
1.2 Statement of the Problem
In any educational system, success is measured by academic achievement or how well a student meets the standard set out by the institution. The menace of failure among young school pupils has stared parents, government, and stakeholders in the face. The persistent low performance in economics by pupils has been tackled in various ways by parents, schools, educationists,s and the government in a bid to solve the problem of poor academic performance in the English Language in schools. Parents-teacher associations (P.T.A) in schools have been bridging the gap between parents and teachers with the view of overcoming the root of this problem as such they have provided buildings, desks, laboratory equipment, etc.
in some of the schools on the basis of uplifting the problem of pupils’ poor performance, agencies like non-governmental organizations and the government have done their best in improving the educational performance in Nigeria. Petroleum Trust Fund (PTF), Education Trust Fund (ETF), etc, have been building and supplying materials but the problem seems to be magnified.
The government has averred teachers re-training but the root of the problem is yet to be resolved. Since all the efforts made so far have not been able to solve the problem of poor academic performance of pupils in the English Language, the researcher is therefore interested to find out if motivation influences pupils’ performance in the English Language.
The Impact of Motivation and Pupils Academic Performance in Primary Schools
1.3 Purpose of the Study
The main purpose of this study was to examine motivation and pupils’ academic performance in primary schools in Oruk Anam Local Government Area.
Specifically, the study sought to:
- determine the extent to which parental motivation influence the academic performance of pupils English Language
- examine the extent to which reinforcement influence pupils’ academic performance in the English Language.
1.4 Significance of the Study
The study would be of immense benefit to pupils, parents, teachers, curriculum developers, and society at large. Specifically, the study would benefit the followings:
It will be of great value to the pupils they would be guided to inculcate intrinsic motivation variables for independent study habits.
Parents will also find this helpful research as they would be guided to see the greater need for the motivation and supervision of their children.
Teachers and pupils will also benefit from the finding of this study as they will be guided to see the need of using motivational variables to encourage pupils to study and perform very well.
The study will also encourage society to see the need of motivating individuals in other to bring the about out of them.
1.5 Research Questions
The following research question was raised to guide the study
- To what extent does Parental motivation influence pupils’ academic performance in the English Language?
- To what extent does reinforcement (praise and reward) influence a pupil’s academic performance in the English Language?
1.6 Research Hypotheses
The following research hypotheses were formulated to guide the study
- Parental motivation does not significantly influence the academic performance of primary school pupils in the English Language.
- Reinforcement does not significantly influence the academic performance of primary school pupils in the English Language.
1.7 Limitations of the Study
In conducting a research study of this kind, there are bound to be some challenges. Thus, some of the challenges encountered in the course of this study are as follows:
- Time constraint: time duration allowed for the completion of this research work could not be enough for the research to have a wider scope. Hence some schools were sampled and students out of all the schools in the area.
- Financial problem: this constituted one of the major limitations to the researcher especially as the researcher had to source for relevant materials on the topic and visit the sampled schools under investigation for data collection.
- Insufficient reference materials: this also was a problem as the researcher needed enough relevant literature on the topic.
Mr. Harrison
